कोरोना महामारीचा विस्फोट: एक दृष्टीक्षेप

कोरोना महामारीचा विस्फोट: एक दृष्टीक्षेप

जागतिक स्थिती थोडक्यात...

1 ते 10 लाख बाधित होण्यासाठी लागलेला कालावधी (सर्वाधिक बाधित राष्ट्र):

1)अमेरिका -98 दिवस

2)ब्राझिल- 114 दिवस

3)भारत-138 दिवस

10 ते 20 लाख बाधित होण्यासाठी लागलेला कालावधी:

1)अमेरिका -43 दिवस

2)ब्राझील- 27 दिवस

3)भारत- 21 दिवस

20 ते 30 लाख बाधित होण्यासाठी लागलेला कालावधी:

अमेरिका -28 दिवस (6 जुलै रोजी एकूण बाधित संख्या 30 लाख)

ब्राझिल- 23 दिवस (8 ऑगस्ट रोजी एकुण बाधित संख्या 30 लाख)

भारत-16 दिवस(23 ऑगस्ट रोजी एकुण बाधित संख्या 30 लाख)

(दैनिक भास्कर, दिनांक ऑगस्ट 23,2020)

          सुरुवातीला काळात भारतात कोरोना बाधितांच्या संख्येचा वाढीचा वेग इतर देशांच्या तुलनेने फार कमी होता, पण कालांतराने याच  प्रसार भारतात वेगाने होत असताना दिसून येतो. सुरुवातीला भारतात 1 ते 10 लाख बाधित होण्यास एकुण 138 दिवस लागलेत, तेच अमेरिका व ब्राझिलला अनुक्रमे 98 दिवस व 114 दिवस लागलेत.

         10 ते 20 लाख बाधित होण्यासाठी अमेरिकेला 43 दिवस , ब्राझिलला 27 दिवस व भारताला 21 दिवस लागलेत.

      पुढे, 20 ते 30 लाख बाधित होण्यासाठी अमेरिकेला 28 दिवस , ब्राझिलला 23 दिवस व भारताला केवळ 16 दिवस लागलेत.

         

जागतिक स्तरावरील दिनांक 11 एप्रिल 2021 पर्यंतची स्थिती थोडक्यात ( 5 सर्वाधिक बाधित राष्ट्र ):

देश                     एकुण                   मृत्यू                मृत्यूदर

1)अमेरिका          30772875         555712       1.80%

2)ब्राझिल            13373174         348718        2.6%

3)भारत              13358805         169275        1.26%

4) फ्रांस              4945238           979560        1.98

5)रशिया             4641390           102986        2.22%

6)जागतिक         135057587       2919932      2.16%

(संदर्भ:जागतिक आरोग्य संघटना अहवाल  दि.11/04/2021 वेळ 10.00 am CET).

        अलीकडील येत असलेल्या आकडेवारीनुसार असे लक्षात येते की, जगात परत एकदा  कोरोना बधितांची  संख्या फार मोठ्या प्रमाणात वाढत असलेली दिसून येते. अमेरिका एकूण बधितांच्या संख्येत पहिल्या स्थानी आहे, ब्राझील दुसऱ्या स्थानी तर भारत तिसऱ्या स्थानी आहे. अलीकडे कोरोनाचा समूह संसर्ग मोठ्या प्रमाणात झाल्यामुळे कोरोनामुळे मृत्यू पावणाऱ्यांची संख्या वाढत असताना दिसून येते. पण पहिल्या लाटेतील आकडेवारी व दुसऱ्या लाटेतील आकडेवारीची तुलना केली असता  प्रत्यक्षात मृत्युदर हे पहिल्या लाटे पेक्षा कमीच आहे असे दिसून येते, याचे प्रमुख कारण एकूण बाधितांच्या संख्येत  खूप मोठ्या प्रमाणात वाढ होणे व त्या तुलनेत मृत्यू कमी असणे हे होय. तसेच लसीकरण  व  मोठ्या प्रमाणात निर्माण झालेली आरोग्य सुविधा हे मृत्यू दर कमी ठेवण्यास हातभार लावत आहेत.  असे असले तरी, या दुसऱ्या लाटेची तीव्रता व त्याचे परिणाम बघता प्रत्येकानी आपले आरोग्यबाबतीत वैयक्तिक आणि कौटुंबिक काळजी घेणे खूप गरजेचे वाटते. तसेच शासनाने कोरोना बाबतीत लादलेल्या प्रत्येक नियमावली, अनुशासन व निर्णयाला प्रतिसाद दिले पाहिजे. हा सर्वांसाठी  संकट व कसोटीचा काळ आहे. हे संकट काळ संपेपर्यंत या वाईट परीस्थितीचा सामना करताना आपले आरोग्य आपण कसे टिकवू शकतो व या संकटापासून आपण स्वतचा बचाव  कसे करू शकतो या गोष्टीला प्राधान्य दिले पाहिजे. आपण जिवंत असलो तर सगळ काही, नाही तर काय अर्थ आहे  संपत्ती, पैसा हयाला. आपल्याला माहीतच आहे, निसर्गात निर्माण झालेली प्रत्येक गोष्ट एक ना एक दिवस संपणारच आहे, त्याप्रमाणे हा 'कोरोना' सुध्दा एक ना एक दिवस संपणारच आहे. ज्याप्रमाणे सूर्यास्त नंतर सुर्योदय होतो, त्याप्रमाणे वाईट दिवसानंतर देखील चांगले दिवस येणं हे पण तेवढंच तथ्य आहे. त्यासाठी संयम, सहनशीलता, सकारात्मकता, उत्तम रोगप्रतिकारशक्ती असणे, मानसिक व शारीरिक संतुलन उत्तम असणे, धैर्य व त्याग असणे खूप गरजेचे आहे. तरच या वाईट परीस्थितीचा सामना सक्षमरित्या करता येईल, असे वाटते.

एप्रिल,17 2021 वेळ 6.43 pm पर्यंतची जागतिक स्तरावरील कोरोनाबाबतची स्थिती थोडक्यात... 

जगतील एकूण कोरोना बाधित संख्या:139501934

एकूण मृत्यू:2992193

मृत्युदर:2.14%

जगातील क्षेत्रानुसार स्थिती:

क्षेत्र                         एकूण बाधित

1) अमेरिकन             59294109

2)युरोप                    48987035

3) साऊथ इस्ट एशिया 17423545

4) ईस्टर्न मेडीटेरियन    8396854

5)आफ्रिका                3214868

6)वेस्टर्न पॅसिफिक       2184778

जगातील एकूण बधितांच्या संख्येत आघाडीवरील देश:

देश                                एकूण बधीतांची संख्या

1) युनायटेड स्टेट्स ऑफ अमेरिका 31176938

2) भारत                          14526609

3)ब्राझील                         13746681

4) फ्रांस                           5144295

5)रशियन फेडरेशन             4693469

6) द युनायटेड किंग्डम         4383736

7)तुर्की                             4150039

8)इटली                            3842079

9)स्पेन                              3396685

10)जर्मनी                         3123077

11)पोलंड                          2675874

12)अर्जेंटिना                      2629156

एप्रिल 14, 2021 पर्यंत, जगातील एकूण लसीकरण डोस झालेली संख्या:751452536

भारतातील कोरोनाबाबतीत स्थिती थोडक्यात:

एकूण बाधित :14788109     

सक्रिय:1801316 

बरा झालेले:12809643

मृत्यू :177150

मृत्युदर:1.2%

(आरोग्य सेतू एप अहवाल:17 एप्रिल 2021)

महाराष्ट्रातील कोरोना बाबतीत स्थिती:

एकूण बाधित :3770707

सक्रिय:649563

बरा झालेले:3061174

मृत्यू :59970

मृत्युदर:1.6%.   (आरोग्य सेतू एप अहवाल:17 एप्रिल 2021).

         महाराष्ट्रातील कोरोना बाधितांची एकूण संख्या देशातील इतर राज्यांच्या तुलनेत जास्त आहे तसेच मृत्युदर देखील देशातील इतर राज्यांच्या तुलनेत व देशाच्या तुलनेत जास्त आहे, ही महाराष्ट्रासाठी चिंतेची बाब आहे. 

देशातील कोरोनाबाबतची स्थिती थोडक्यात( 5 सर्वाधिक बाधित राज्य):

राज्य          सक्रिय      बरा झालेले   मृत्यू व मृत्युदर   एकुण बाधित

1)महाराष्ट्र   649563    3061174    59970        3770707

                                                     (1.6%)

2)केरळ      80342     1135921      9904         1221167

                                                    ( 0.81%)   

3)कर्नाटक   119179   1009549     13270       1141998

                                                     (1.16%)

4)तामिळनाडू  65635   902022      13071       980728

                                                     (1.33%)

5) आंध्रप्रदेश  40469   907598       7388          955455

                                                    (0.77%)

6)भारत    1801316   12809643  177150     14788109

                                                    (1.2%)

(आरोग्य सेतू एप अहवाल:17 एप्रिल 2021)

(संदर्भ:आरोग्य सेतू ऍप, दि.17 एप्रिल 2021 पर्यंतची आकडेवारी).

   

     

लसीकरण:

भारतातील एकूण लसीकरण साईट्स :57367

शासकीय:52276

खाजगी:5091

आत्तापर्यंत एकूण लसीकरण डोस संख्या:120089594

डोस पहिला:105036548

डोस दुसरा:15053046

(आरोग्य सेतू ऍप, दिनांक:17 एप्रिल 2021 पर्यंतच्या आकडेवारीनुसार)

 महाराष्ट्रातील एकूण लसीकरण साईट्स:4969

शासकीय:4377

खाजगी:592

आत्तापर्यंत एकूण लसीकरण डोस संख्या:12191292

डोस पहिला:10891131

डोस दुसरा:1300161

(आरोग्य सेतू ऍप दिनांक:17 एप्रिल 2021 पर्यंतच्या आकडेवारीनुसार)

नांदेड मधील एकूण लसीकरण साईट्स:457

शासकीय:441

खाजगी:16

आत्तापर्यंत एकूण लसीकरण डोस संख्या:257075

डोस पहिला:238729

डोस दुसरा:18346

(आरोग्य सेतू ऍप दिनांक:17 एप्रिल 2021 पर्यंतच्या आकडेवारीनुसार)

एकंदरीत देशातील कोरोना व लसीकरण बाबतची दिनांक 17 एप्रिल 2021 पर्यंतची स्थिती:

राज्य                 सक्रिय     बरा झालेले    मृत्यू      एकूण बाधित  (एकूण लसीकरण)

महाराष्ट्र            649563  3061174  59970  3770707    (10665079)

केरळ              80342   1135921  4904   1221167    (5391170)

कर्नाटक          119179  1009549   13270   1141998 (6373661)

तामिळनाडू      65635    902022    13071    980728 (4041375)

आंध्रप्रदेश        40469    907598   7388   955455 (4024889)

दिल्ली             69799   746239    11960   827998 (2293193)

उत्तरप्रदेश       170059   641292    9703    821054 (8825799)

प. बंगाल        45300    595668    10540    651508 (7549126)

छत्तीसगड      130400   396357    5738     532495 (4020582)

राजस्थान       59999     341247    3109    404355 (8731918)

म.प्रदेश         63889     327452     4491   395832 (6169014)

गुजरात         55398    333564     5267    394229 (8573732)

ओडिसा       17827    344825     1942    364594 (3567087)

तेलंगाना      37037      312563     1824   351424 (2566674)

हरियाणा     38558      307850     3386   349794 (2532613)

बिहार        34498       274207     1722  315427        (4289998)

पंजाब       32499      254805     7834   295138 (2103973)

आसाम     6141        216546     1129   223816 (1382440)

झारखंड   25619      131928     1406   158953  (2321786)

जम्मू आणि  10918   132205     2051   145166        काश्मीर (1355568)

उत्तराखंड   15386   104161    1856     121403 (1315616)

हिमाचल प्रदेश 8444   65963      1180    75587 (1129730)

गोवा            6643      58746       872     66261  (213067)

पुदुचेरी         4090      42313       705      47108 (152499)

त्रिपुरा           445        33163       394      34002 (742503)

चंदिगढ        3414       29485        410     33309 (131772)

मणिपूर        190         29083         376    29649 (130690)

अरुणाचल प्रदेश 105   16806          56      16967

मेघालय       649        13997          152    14798                (146917)

नागालँड      167        12275          94      12536   (119141)

लडाख        1671      10267          133    12071    (69470)

सिक्कीम     305        6150            136     6591    (142570)

अंदमान       126       5146             64      5331                  आणि निकोबार

मिझोरम      364       4483             12      4859    (133602)

दादरा, नगर हवेली 921  3823           4       4748                    आणि दमण दीव

दादरा, नगर हवेली(36727)

दमण आणि दीव(34865)

लक्षद्वीप      280      770                 1       1051                    (11331)

(आरोग्य सेतू ऍप, एप्रिल 17, 2021).

नांदेड, कोरोनाबाबतची सद्यस्थिती थोडक्यात...

सक्रिय- 12906               बरा झालेले-53805

मृत्यू व मृत्युदर -1186(1.75%)         एकुण बाधित-67904

(Covid-19 Dashboard by Gov Maharashtra, April 17, 2021).

By....

S.M. Rachawad 

At Post Palaj. Tq.Bhokar.  Dist.Nanded.

Mob. No.9552868726

srachawad370@gmail.com

FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES

 

FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES

        Foreign Exchange Reserves are the external assets in the form of Foreign currency assets(capital inflows to the capital market,FDI and external commercial borrowings), gold and SDR(Special Drawing Rights of the IMF) accumulated by India and controlled by the RBI.

Objectives(Why  countries hold foreign exchange reserves):

       It held in supporting of a range of objectives like supporting and maintaining confidence in the monetary policy, exchange rate management and maintain confidence in the financial markets.

      It held for external transaction, speculative and precautionary purpose.

      It will help in managing India's external and international financial issues. 

      It is a big cushion in the event of any crisis on the economic front and enough to cover the import bill of the country for a year. 

      It help to the rising reserves have also helped the rupee to strengthen against roller.

      Reserves will provide a level of confidence to market that a country can meet it’s external obligation needs and external debt obligations maintain reserve for national disasters or emergencies.

      Limiting external vulnerability by maintaining directed currency liquidity to absorb shocks during times of crisis including national disasters or emergencies.

     RBI functions as the custodian and manager of foreign exchange reserves and operates within the overall policy framework agreed upon with GOI.

    RBI sells the dollar when rupee weakens and buys the dollar when the rupee strengthen.

SDR(Special Drawing Rights):

     The SDR is neither a currency nor a claim on the IMF. Rather , it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of the IMF members. SDR can be exchanged for their currencies.

     The currency value of the SDR is determined by summing the value in U.S. rollers, based on market exchange rates, of a basket of major currencies(the U.S dollar, Euro, Japanese yen, pound sterling and the Chinese yuan/ renminbi). The SDR currency value is calculated daily. The valuation basket is adjusted for every five years.

SDR basket:

Currency    Weights                   Fixed number 

                     determined in the    of units of 

                     2015 Review              currency

U.S. Dollar 41.73 0.58252

 Euro 30.93 0.38671

 Chinese Yuan. 10.92                 1.0174

 Japanese Yen. 8.33      11.900

 Pound Sterling.  8.09 0.085946

      

      The SDR basket of currencies includes the US dollar, Euro, Japanese yen, Pound sterling and Chinese Yuan/ renminbi.

     Quota (the amount contributed to the IMF) of a country is denominated in SDR.

      Members voting power is related directly to their quotas. 

Now, India is the world's 5th largest foreign exchange reserve holder.

World top 5 foreign exchange holders are as following:

Countries           Millions          Figures as of

                            of US dollar 

1)China              3298220           July 2020

2)Japan              1402475           July 2020

3) Switzerland 896111             June 2020

4)Russia            590200             14 August 2020

5)India              535252             14 August 2020

India's present position of foreign exchange reserves:

Item.                 As on August 14, 2020

                          In Rupees           In US$                                                  Millions

Total Reserves  4009058            535252

a)Foreign           3681783           491550  

Currency Assets    

b)Gold                281589             37595

c)SDRs               11082                1479

d)Reserve         34605                4628

 position in the IMF   

       At a time when the economy is under stress and the growth is expected to contract in 2020-21, the rising forex reserves have come as a breather as it can cover India’s import bill of more than one year.

     This recent surge in foreign exchange reserves due to the improvement in the trade deficit, rise in investment in foreign portfolio investors in Indian stocks and FDI. On other hand, the fall in crude  prices has brought down the oil import bill, saving precious foreign exchange reserves. Overseas remittances and foreign travels have fallen steeply.

    *In 1991, India was in economic crisis India's foreign exchange reserves record low stood at $1.2 billion in January and depleted by half by June, barely enough ti last for roughly 3 weeks of essential imports.

    *The present position of following countries to cover for imports in months(Ref. Dainik Bhaskar date on 25th August):

1)Saudi Arabia-38.8 months

2) Switzerland-38.2 months

3)Brazil-24.6 months

4)Japan-23.3 months

5)Rassia-22.1 months

6)China-18.8 months

7)India-16.5 months

Reference: Data from World bank, IMF and RBI.

By...

S.M.Rachawad 

At Post Palak. Tq.Bhokar.

Dist.Nanded.

Exercise on Articles

Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles from 'a', 'an' and 'the'.

1)He is.... American.

2) I wrote.... letter.

3)The Godavari falls into.... Bay of Bengal.

4)This is.... better of the two designs.

5)The scored six runs.... over.

6)What.... lovely dress!

7)She is ....expert in child psychology.

8)I'am.... an optimist.

9)The Nile is.... longest river in the world.

10) Shakespeare is.... greatest playwrite in English. 

11)He doesn't behave like.... Indian.

12)He is... expert in playing.... Sitar.

13)She is working in.... University in Italy.

14)I will finish the work in....hour.

15)I received the message through....SMS.

16)Singapur lies on.... Equater.

17)He is.... MP.

18).... sun is the centre of the solar system.

19) Chennai is one of.... biggest cities in India.

20)Venus is.... hottest planet in the Solar System.

By...

S.M. Rachawad.

USE OF ARTICLES

                                                                   

USE OF ARTICLES

Articles are two types:

A)The Indefinite Articles

B)The Definite Articles

A)The Indefinite Articles

The indefinite article is used to mean 'one'.

The following use of indefinite articles:

1)Used to mean any/every/all.

E.g. A cow has four legs(any cow)

       A car must be insured(all car)

2)Used to mean a person like.

E.g. His father is a Hitler(A strict-man like Hitler).

       She feels that she is a Deepika (A beutiful girl like Deepika).

3)Used to mean an unknown person.

E.g. A miss. Marrie John is on the line. She wants to talk to you(An unknown girl whose name is Mss.Marrie John).

4)Used to mean indicate exclamation(To express sudden strong feeling, fear, surprise, terror, anger,        

    happiness).

E.g. What an irresponsible fellow you are!(saying by angrily).

5)Used to mean a noun compliment.

   After 'be form'  a noun is used that noun is called noun compliment.

   i.e. (be form + article + singular noun).

   E.g. She was an Italian.

           I am a lecturer.

6)Used to indicate price, speed and ratio(mean 'per' ).

E.g. Rs.200 a kilo.

       Twice a week.

        100 km an hour.

7)Used with the following words (many, like, such, as)  after these words it is used.

E.g. It is flying like a bird.

       I have warned him many a time. 

8)Used with the following words.

    a lot, a lot of, a couple of, a piece, a piece of, a slice, a slice of, a great many, a great deal of, a number of, a large/great number.

       

Omissions of indefinite articles:

1)With uncountable and plural noun it is not used.

E.g. A Gold is a precious metal. (☓)

       Gold is a precious metal.(✓)

       

       We want an advice from you.(☓)

       We want some advice from you.(✓)

2)With the names of meals and diseases it is not used.

E.g. She is suffering from a  typhoid.(☓)

       She is suffering from typhoid.(✓)

       a breakfast, a lunch, a dinner. (☓)

       breakfast, lunch, dinner.(✓)

3)Before the word mean human being we should not use.

E.g. a man is a social animal.(☓)

       Man is a social animal.(✓)

Some important points to be  rememberd: 

A/An which one and when it it is used?

     'An' is used with a word beginning with vowel and vowel sound. E.g. An egg, a elephant, an actor, an invitation.

     Some words beginning with consonant but having with vowel sound. 

E.g. an FBI, an HCL, an LLB, an MA, an MSC, an MMS, an MLA, an MLC, an MP, an NRI, an NCC.

    'A' is used with a word beginning with  consonant and consonant  sound.

E.g. A banana, a cat, a boy.

    Some words beginning with vowel but not vowel sound.

E.g. A uniform, a unit, a useful, a university, a unique, a universal.(a word pronounsation starts from 'यु').

B)The Definite Article 'The'.

    'The' is pronounced as द( ðə) and दि(ðɪ).

     दि(ðɪ)- pronounced a word before vowel sound.

     द( ðə) pronounced a word before consonant sound.

The definite article used before:

1)Names of the canals, rivers, sea, ocean.

E. g. The Suez, The Godavari, The Bay of Bengal, The Pacific Ocean.

2)Before the names of  ranges of mountains.

The Himalayas

The Eastern Ghats

3)Before the names of group of islands and plural name of a country.

E.g. The Andamans(island)

        The Netherlands (island)

        The USA(United States)

        The U.K.

4)Before the names of the deserts and gulfs

The Sahara, The Arabian Gulf.

5)Before the names of musical instrument.

E.g. The Sitar, The Piano, The harp.

5) Before the names of building and structure with historical important.

E.g. The Tajmahal, The pyramid, The great wall of china.

6) Before the names of inventions.

E.g. The radio, The electric bulb, The telephone.

7) Before the names of designations.

The manager, The principal, The accountant, The principal.

8)Before the names of religious books and holy books.

E.g. The Bible, The Quran, The Upanishad.

9)Before the names of epic and classics.

E.g. The Ramayana, The Mahabharata, The Bhagvad Gita, The Paradise Lost.

10)Before the names of the trains, ships.

E.g. The Titanic, The Rajadhani Express.

11)Before the names of a part of the body if it is touch.

E.g. She patted me on the head. 

        He was stabbed thrice in the back.

12) Before the names with either of the following two structure.

1)Noun+of+Noun

2) Adjective+Noun

E.g. The Gandhi of America

        The Manchester of India

        The new forest

        The United Nations

13)Before the words when they represent a region.

E.g. The North, The East, The West, The  South.

14)Before an adjective which represent a class.

E.g.The responsibility lies with the educated(educated people).

       Fortune favours the brave(brave people).

       The scheme will benefit the poor(poor people).

15)With the double comparative structure we use 'the'.

E.g. The higher you go, the colder you get.

        The sooner you start, the better it is.

16)Before the comparative which is succeeded by the phrase "of the two".

E.g. The taller of the two girls.

       The elder of the two brothers.

       

17)With the superlative

E.g. The richest family in our village.

       The best book on the Subject.

       The longest river in the world.

       One of the biggest cities in India.

        

By...

S.M.Rachawad.

At Post Nanded.

srachawad370@gmail.com.

TRUE WORDS

TRUE WORDS: "इंसान की इंसानियत उस वक्त खत्म हो जाती है जब उसे दुसरों के दुःख पर हंसी आने लागती है".

     Once upon a time you are a very powerful person. But at present you become weak. Yours situation become bad. It may because you  missunderstand about self or not recognises yours strength or may because of  in fact. In the situation if  you do not understand the life, then keep your  mind calm, be positive. Wait for the situation will be changed. And ignore all about these..

    By seeing your situation People started to make problems with you.

    By seeing your situation People are started to blame.

    By seeing you situation people are started to underestimate.

    By seeing your situation people are started to missguide.

    By seeing your situation people are started to laughing at you.

    By seeing your situation People are started to allegate.

    Dear my friend, Let them excuse. Be calm. In Hindi famous quote "इंसान की इंसानियत उस वक्त खत्म हो जाती है जब उसे दुसरों के दुःख पर हंसी आने लागती है". It means taking the opportunity of the person's weakness/situation, the people are started to do above all. In such situation their humanity and morality lost. 

     No worry, God will take care of you. Let them excuse. Wait for the time to change. You time will change. Your good time will come. 

   Now they laughing at you, later they will cry.

By....

S.M. Rachawad.

At Post Nanded.

Words:Respecting inappropriate, unseemy, and unworthy person is like insulting ourself...

True words: 

         Mostly, deciding inappropriate and appropriate person changes with person to person, giving respect and taking respect changes with person to person. It means one person in one's view may good but in other view may not good. It's subjective. If we give not give respect to other doesn't matter. Why we worry and feel insult after giving respect. If we feel insult in such situation so we should not go with respect. It's totally subjective. If we give respect, love, truth and trust in exchange you will get same from others.     

        Forgetting negativity in others finding positivity is the best way to keep peace of mind and happiness.

        Friendship symbol 🤝🤝 implying "Give respect , love , truth and trust same you will get from others.

S.M. Rachawad.

RBI MONETARY POLICY

RBI MONETARY POLICY

      The Reserve Bank's Monetary Policy Department formulates monetary policy.

Broad Objective Of Monetary Policy:

1)Price Stability

2)Ensuring adequate flow of credit to productive sectors.

3)Financial stability

Specific Objectives Of Monetary Policy:

1)Mobilization of the savings and promote capital formation

2) Maintain High GDP Growth

3)High Export Growth Rate

4)Higher Employment Generation Rate

5)Economic Stability

Tools under Monetary Policy:

1)Direct Instruments

a) Cash Reserve Ratio

     The share of net demand and time liabilities maintained as a cash balance with RBI by  all scheduled commercial banks

(Excluding Regional Rural Banks and Local

Area Banks).

     Previously there was a floor of 3 and  ceiling of 20 percent that could be imposed by RBI.            

     RBI raised maximum level of CRR on the date  01/07/1989, 04/05/1991, 11/01/1992, 21/04/1992, 08/10/1992. 

      And first time it was decreased to below 5% level i.e.4.75% on 16/11/2002.

     At present CRR rate is 3%. 

     Since 2006 there is no minimum or maximum level of CRR that needs to be fixed by the central bank of india.

     At present RBI does not pay any interest on the CRR deposits.

2)Statutory Liquidity Ratio(SLR): 

     The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as, government securities, cash and gold.

     It was raised to the  maximum level at 38.5% on date 22/09/1990 and 29/02/1992.

     The maximum limit of SLR is 40% and the minimum limit of SLR is 0 in India.

      The present SLR rate is 18.50%.

3. Export Credit Refinance Facility:

     The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provides export credit refinance facility to banks under Section 17(3A) of the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934, in order to encourage banks to extend more liberal export credit. The quantum of refinance is fixed from time to time based on the stance of monetary and credit policy of the RBI.

      All scheduled banks (excluding RRBs), which are authorised dealers in foreign exchange and have extended export credit are eligible to avail of the export credit refinance facility.Export credit refinance facility is available at the Repo Rate (which is linked to Reverse Repo Rate under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF), as announced from time to time.

      RBI extends the export credit refinance against the Demand Promissory Note (DPN) of banks.  

       The minimum amount of availment under this facility is Rupees one lakh and multiples thereof.

     The refinance has to be repaid on demand or within 180 days.

Indirect instruments:

1) Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF):

     Consist of daily infusion or obsorption of liquidity on a repurchase basis, through repo(liquidity injection) and reverse repo(liquidity absorption) auction operations, using government securities as collateral. These rates under LAF determine the corridor for short-term money market interest rates. 

      Present repo rate is 4% and reverse repo is 3.35%.

2)Open market operations (OMO):

        Outright sales/purchase of government securities, in addition to LAF, as a tool to determine the level of liquidity over the medium term.

3)Market Stabilization Scheme(MSS):

      The instrument for monetary policy management was introduced in 2004.              

      Liquidity of more enduring nature arising from large capital flows is observed through sale of short- dated government securities and treasury bills. The mobilised cash is held in a separate government account with the RBI.

Bank rate:

     It is the rate at which the RBI is ready to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers. It also signals the medium-term stance of monetary policy.  

     The present bank rate is 4.65. 

Important things to remember:

      The scheduled commercial banks are those banks which are included in the second schedule of RBI Act 1934 and which carry out the normal business of banking such as accepting deposits, giving out loans and other banking services.

      Scheduled banks are usually nationalised banks, private banks and foreign banks operating in India. 

      All Commercial Banks (including Regional Rural Banks),

Local Area Banks, Small Finance Banks, Payments Banks,

Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs),

 Central Co-operative Banks and State Co-operative banks are examples of the scheduled banks.

       

        Banks with a reserve capital of less than 5 lakh rupees qualify as non-scheduled banks. Unlike scheduled banks, they are not entitled to borrow from the RBI for normal banking purposes, except, in emergency or “abnormal circumstances." Some co-operative and local area banks are the examples of non schedule commercial banks.

      RBI monitors over the following indicators:

Interest rates,Inflation rate, money supply, Credit, exchange rate, trade, capital flows and fiscal position.

By....

S.M.Rachawad

At post Nanded.